Osteoporosis has also been associated with medications used to combat or prevent:. The bones that make up your spine vertebrae can weaken to the point that they crumple and collapse, which may result in back pain, lost height and a hunched posture.
Bone fractures, particularly in the spine or hip, are the most serious complications of osteoporosis. Hip fractures often are caused by a fall and can result in disability and even an increased risk of death within the first year after the injury.
In some cases, spinal fractures can occur even if you haven't fallen. The bones that make up your spine vertebrae can weaken to the point of collapsing, which can result in back pain, lost height and a hunched forward posture.
Good nutrition and regular exercise are essential for keeping your bones healthy throughout your life. Men and women between the ages of 18 and 50 need 1, milligrams of calcium a day.
This daily amount increases to 1, milligrams when women turn 50 and men turn If you find it difficult to get enough calcium from your diet, consider taking calcium supplements. However, too much calcium has been linked to kidney stones. Although yet unclear, some experts suggest that too much calcium, especially in supplements, can increase the risk of heart disease. The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends that total calcium intake, from supplements and diet combined, should be no more than 2, milligrams daily for people older than Vitamin D improves the body's ability to absorb calcium and improves bone health in other ways.
People can get some of their vitamin D from sunlight, but this might not be a good source if you live in a high latitude, if you're housebound, or if you regularly use sunscreen or avoid the sun because of the risk of skin cancer. Dietary sources of vitamin D include cod liver oil, trout and salmon. Many types of milk and cereal have been fortified with vitamin D. Most people need at least international units IU of vitamin D a day.
That recommendation increases to IU a day after age People without other sources of vitamin D and especially with limited sun exposure might need a supplement. If you are experiencing height loss or your spine is curving, be sure to consult your doctor or healthcare professional immediately. There are many health problems and a few medical procedures that increase the likelihood of osteoporosis. If you have any of the following diseases or conditions, talk to your doctor or health care provider about what you can do to keep your bones healthy.
Note: This list may not include all of the diseases and conditions that may cause bone loss. Talk to your doctor and ask if any of the conditions you have may be causing bone loss. Some medicines can be harmful to your bones, even if you need to take them for another condition. Bone loss is usually greater if you take the medication in high doses or for a long time.
If you need to take a medicine that causes bone loss, work with your healthcare provider to determine the lowest possible dose you can take to control your symptoms.
While steroid medicines can be lifesaving treatments for some conditions, they can also cause bone loss and osteoporosis. These medicines are often referred to as steroids, glucocorticoids or corticosteroids. They should not be confused with anabolic steroids, which are male hormones that some athletes use to build muscle. Steroids are much like certain hormones made by your own body. For women, estrogen used during and after menopause can help stop bone density loss. Unfortunately, estrogen therapy has also been associated with increased risk of blood clots, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
This medication has been found to provide the benefits of estrogen without many of the risks, although there is still an increased risk of blood clots. This drug is taken by injection and may prove even more promising than bisphosphonates at reducing bone loss. This drug is taken as a nasal spray and reduces bone reabsorption. Talk to your doctor about any increased risk of cancer with this drug. This medication was approved by the FDA in April of to treat women who have gone through menopause and are at a high risk of having fractures.
The drug is given in two injections under the skin in the same sitting once a month for 12 months or less. Because osteoporosis medications can have side effects, you may prefer to try other treatments instead of medication.
Several supplements, such as red clover, soy, and black cohosh, may be used to help promote bone health. However, before using these supplements, be sure to talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This is for two main reasons:. All of that said, some people report good results with natural treatments. To keep your bones healthy, you need to include certain nutrients in your daily diet.
The most important ones are calcium and vitamin D. Your body needs calcium to maintain strong bones, and it needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. Other nutrients that promote bone health include protein , magnesium , vitamin K , and zinc.
They can advise you on your diet, or refer you to a registered dietitian who can create a diet or meal plan for you. Exercise is very important as well, especially weight-bearing exercises. Weight-bearing exercises are performed with either your feet or your arms fixed to the ground or another surface.
Examples include:. These exercises help because they cause your muscles to push and pull against your bones. This action tells your body to form new bone tissue, which strengthens your bones. In addition to its many positive effects on weight and heart health , exercise can also improve your balance and coordination, which can help you avoid falls. Always check with your doctor before starting any new exercise program.
There are many risk factors for osteoporosis that you cannot control. These include being female, getting older, and having a family history of osteoporosis.
There are some factors, however, that do fall within your control. Unlike osteoporosis, osteopenia is not a disease. The main risk factor for osteopenia is older age. Your bone density peaks at age 35, and after that, it can lessen as you get older. Osteoporosis: basic and clinical aspects. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
PMID: pubmed. Weber TJ. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Editorial team. What causes bone loss? Your Changing Bones. Your body needs the minerals calcium and phosphate to make and keep healthy bones. During your life, your body continues to both reabsorb old bone and create new bone.
Your entire skeleton is replaced about every 10 years, though this process slows as you get older. As long as your body has a good balance of new and old bone, your bones stay healthy and strong. Bone loss occurs when more old bone is reabsorbed than new bone is created.
Weak bones can break easily, even without an obvious injury.
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